“Sameness and difference in relation to what?” (Hardt & Negri, 2004; 127).
The two faces of eurocentrism: ‘they are utterly different from us”, or, “they are just the same as us.” We cannot escape the need to use a cultural defined Identity as a universal standard, the measure of sameness and difference – Difference can only be expressed in relation to a definite whole national imaginary. So how do we form this national imaginary?

Nationalism: the ideology of the modern nation state (Eriksen, 1993; 97).
“Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to self consciousness: it invents nations where they do not exist.” Ernest Gellner, (1964: 169).
The nation as an imagined community – Benedict Anderson
An imagined community is different from an actual community because it is not (and cannot be) based on quotidian face-to-face interaction between its members. Anderson proposed the following definition of a nation: “it is an imagined political community – and imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign.”(Anderson, 1991 [1983], 6).
Political movements based on cultural identity are strong in societies undergoing modernization. (Eriksen, 1993; 99).
Anderson argues that nationalism derives its force from its combination of political legitimation and emotional power. Politics cannot be purely instrumental, but must always involve symbols which have the power of creating loyalty and a feeling of belongingness. (Cohen, 1974; b). The nation is not solely produced through large scale upheavals and war (or revolution), but through everyday practices, symbols and language. Banal Nationalism.
What are some colloquialisms and symbols expressing national ideology in Australia?
“Australian values”
Mateship
Fair-go
The Aussie Battler
The entirety of Baz Luhrmann’s ham-fisted film Australia:
The Outback
The Red Soil
The Kangaroo
The Koala Bear
Ricky Ponting
Although nations tend to imagine themselves as old, they are modern. Nationalist ideology is a distinctly european / modernist movement.

Norway/Scandinavia
The creation of Norwegian national identity took place throughout the nineteenth century (a period of modernization and urbanization). The country moved to full independence, leaving the union with Sweden in 1905. The formation of a national identity was in a large way driven by members of the middle class who travelled to the countryside in search of the ‘authentic’, bringing elements of their culture back, and presenting them in cities as expressions of authentic Norwegian-ness.
“Folk costumes, painted floral patterns (rose-mailing), traditional music and peasant food became national symbols even to people who had not grown up with such customs. Actually, it was the city dwellers, not the peasants, who decided that reified aspects of peasant culture should be ‘the national culture’. A national heroic history was established. [...] Certain aspects of peasant culture were thus re-interpreted and placed into an urban political context as evidence that norwegian culture was distinctive, that norwegians were a people, and that therefore they ought to have their own state.” (Eriksen, 1993; 101).

The Viking
Take for example the figure of the Viking as a symbol of scandinavian identity. More related to fantasy than fact, pictures representing Vikings with horns and other ornaments in their helmets became the norm rather than the exception. The picture of rude Barbarians was frequently perpetrated by artists of different nationalities and, since they were not Scandinavians, they might lack any proper knowledge of the Viking culture. Therefore, this new image for the Barbarian warrior would be made out of a collection of traits associated with prejudicial concepts in the minds of people who were ultimately foreign, that is, not from Scandinavian origin. And this image was often that of a uncivilized brute, carrying all the characteristics of a sub-human creature. The warriors were mostly shown as if they were “cavemen”, troglodytes wearing animal skins to cover their bodies.
The horned helmet, which dominates Viking imagery, was actually never worn by Vikings in battle (Langer, 2002). Rather the popular culture industry of the early 19th century (painting) aimed to demonize Vikings by portraying them as beastly, brutal animals, and many paintings were stylized with this mythic, albeit false touch. “The idealized picture of the Barbarian became part of the artists repertoire of images… art was impregnated with history – but not a “traditional” and “correct” history: more of a mythical interpretation of an immemorial past.” (Langer, 2002: 5).
This disinformation has reached so far into collective consciousness that what was initially a slanderous image (much like portrayals of Jewish people with horns), was later used to foster a national identity. Scandinavian tennis fans wear horns as a symbol of national pride, a symbol which has no real basis in their actual culture. The viking horns, or lack thereof, perfectly demonstrate the imagined or invented-ness of national identity.